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Family name 山下 (Yamashita , 山下 , Ямасаки ) , all around the world, is a common surname. The cognomen 山下 is habitual in Paraguay, where it is quite a rare surname, Singapore, and Japan. Measured by absolute frequency, it is commonest in Brazil, Japan, and the United States. Very seldom, 山下 is the forename as well as the last name.